In vocal cord paralysis, the stridor is typically biphasic. 1 The vocal cords may also be injured by direct trauma from endotracheal intubation attempts or during deep airway suction. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is more commonly associated with central nervous system problems including perinatal asphyxia, cerebral hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, bulbar injury and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Unilateral dysfunction may result from birth trauma, trauma during thoracic surgery or compression by mediastinal masses of cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, thyroid or lymphoid origin. Unilateral vocal cord paralysis occurs more often on the left side because of the longer course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which makes it more vulnerable to injury. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Inspiratory crackles - early and late - revisited: Identifying COPD by crackle characteristics. Lung conditions - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2023 report.Diagnosis and treatment of early chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Hamman’s crunch: A forgotten clue to the diagnosis of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. It can increase the amount of oxygen available to your lungs and your body. Supplemental oxygen is delivered using nose prongs or a mask. Supplemental oxygen: It can be hard to get enough oxygen from the air if your lungs aren’t working optimally.These medications can help thin out that mucus, making breathing easier. Mucolytics: COPD can cause excess mucus in your lungs.They can help bring down inflammation in the lungs and reduce COPD flares. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors: These medications are taken orally.Corticosteroids: You can take these medications orally or through an inhaler. You then wear a mask or mouthpiece to breathe in the medication.
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